Proof

Measured by someone else.

Most of the numbers below come from evaluations run for the U.S. Army, the Navy, DARPA, the DOT, and the top three auto manufacturers. Every row names the authority it was recorded for.

±2 CM REFERENCE FOR AUTOMAKERS · 0 VS 4–6 COLLISIONS, U.S. ARMY TRADOC · 130/135 MINES MARKED

The record

The benchmark ledger.

What was measured, the number it produced, and the authority that recorded it.

Sources on record
BENCHMARKRESULTMEASURED FORCONDITIONS
Reference positioning ±2 cm Top three auto manufacturers Thousands of miles of public roads. The reference measurement they graded their own driver-assist sensors against.
Air and ground maps combined ±5 cm U.S. Navy Urban operations terrain, ground and air fused into one map.
Marking accuracy ±6 cm U.S. Army Physical marks on lanes with GPS blocked, checked against a professional survey.
Navigation with GPS blocked ±10 cm U.S. Army Heavy dust, rough terrain, no satellites. This is the vehicle’s own estimate of where it was; the independently checked figure is the ±6 cm above.
Correcting GPS between tall buildings 8 m → 10 cm U.S. DOT A dense Manhattan avenue where raw GPS was wrong by eight meters.
Machines positioning each other across a city ~10 cm T-Mobile Live city deployment over 5G and connected-vehicle radio (C-V2X).
Machine-to-machine distance 10 cm at up to 1,800 m Across programs The basis of every number above. Includes measurements with no line of sight and under radio jamming.
Collision avoidance, independent 0 vs 4–6 U.S. Army TRADOC Government-run evaluation. Small unmanned ground vehicles in chemical and biological reconnaissance.
Operator workload 0% Defense Threat Reduction Agency Fully autonomous operation.
City-scale install ~2 hours U.S. DOT An urban corridor corrected in an afternoon.

Accuracy

Accuracy, by site.

From public roads to terrain with no GPS, the same software stayed accurate to within centimeters.

±2 cm DETROIT · AUTOMAKER DRIVER-ASSIST TESTING
±5 cm CAMP LEJEUNE · U.S. NAVY
±6 cm FT. LEONARD WOOD · U.S. ARMY
±10 cm GPS BLOCKED · U.S. ARMY
8 m → 10 cm SIXTH AVENUE, MANHATTAN · U.S. DOT

The commercial record

Nine buyers. Nine markets. One model.

Each ran the same software in production. None needed a custom version.

BHPMining

Collision avoidance inside a working copper mine, with weak satellite coverage.

T-Mobile / SprintTelecom

Machines positioning each other to within ten centimeters across a city, over live 5G and connected-vehicle radio.

HologicHealthcare

The same software, pointed at cervical cell samples to find cancer cells instead of obstacles.

NextDroid / AptivAutomotive

A ±2 cm reference measurement for the top three auto manufacturers. The ruler Detroit used to grade itself.

Bokam / U.S. ArmyDefense

Software on the path to the Army’s Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle (OMFV), a long-term, funded Army program. Paid on that program, not just tested.

DARPAFederal research

Paid research work for DARPA, the Pentagon’s research agency.

PACCAR / PeterbiltHeavy trucking

Pedestrian and vehicle safety to within ten centimeters in a working heavy-truck yard.

NJ Transit / ParkwayRail

Trains tracked underground into New York from anchors (small fixed radio beacons) in the stations alone.

MIOS / Intelligent MiningMining autonomy

A second mining operator, independent of BHP, that bought it with its own money.

SPONSORS AND PROGRAMS · TRADOC · DTRA · SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND · DEPT. OF ENERGY · DEPT. OF TRANSPORTATION · NYC CHIEF TECHNOLOGY OFFICER · U.S. NAVY · ARMY FUTURES COMMAND

Heritage

1997 to now.

Twenty-nine years of fielded work, distilled into one model.

29 yrsFIELDED AUTONOMY
50+KINDS OF VEHICLES
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  1. 1997

    Search and rescue robots funded by the National Science Foundation.

  2. 1999

    The first 100-robot swarm, for the U.S. Army under DARPA. Landmine robots four times faster, with detection raised from 80 to 95 percent.

  3. 2002

    Robots for high-radiation zones in the energy sector.

  4. 2007

    Through 2016: convoy operations without GPS and positioning that keeps working when GPS fails. Advanced navigation and bomb disposal (EOD) for the U.S. Army and Navy.

  5. 2017

    Centimeter-level positioning demonstrated for NYC Transit. The technology leaves the battlefield.

  6. 2020

    Core autonomy components supporting the top three auto manufacturers and Aptiv.

  7. 2022

    Navigation and positioning tools deployed in active rail and bus networks with NJ Transit.

  8. 2024

    U.S. Army field testing: convoys, and vehicles covering each other’s advance, in mountain terrain, and positioning held under jamming at Army Futures Command.

  9. 2025

    Rover and BORG launched: ready-to-fit self-driving and positioning kits, accurate to within centimeters, for missions where GPS is blocked.

  10. 2026

    MIM, the Motion Intelligence Model. Every earlier program, carried forward in one piece of software.

Hardware

The model, embodied.

MIM is software. These are two of its bodies.

DISTANCE RADIOS MOTION SENSOR RADIO LINK ON-BOARD CPU · NO GPU ANY GROUND VEHICLE OR DRONE
FIG. 02 · BORG MODULE · PLUG-AND-PLAY AUTONOMY AND POSITIONING HUB
DISTANCE RADIO MODULAR PAYLOAD BAY ALL-TERRAIN CHASSIS POSITION TO WITHIN CENTIMETERS · WITH OR WITHOUT GPS
FIG. 03 · ROVER · THE REFERENCE VEHICLE MIM RUNS ON

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